Bill of Rights - U.S.
Constitution
ARTICLE (X.) (10th
Amendment)
The
powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
respectively, or to the people.
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- The United States has
no powers if such powers have NOT been delegated
to the United States.
- The United States has no powers if such
powers have been reserved
to the States.
- The individual States have no powers if such
powers are prohibited
to the States.
- Powers NOT delegated to the United States, and
powers prohibited to the states are reserved
to the people and REMAIN with the people.
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Article 1, Section 1 of the U.S.
Constitution
All legislative Powers
herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United
States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. |
- All legislative Powers
herein granted...
- All legislative Powers
herein consented to by the Sovereign People.
- This is the only document of Law delegating power.
- These are the only powers delegated.
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We start with first
principles. The
Constitution creates a Federal Government of enumerated powers.
See U.S. Constitution, Article I Section 8.
As James Madison wrote, "[t]he powers
delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and
defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are
numerous and indefinite." The Federalist No. 45.
...
As Chief Justice Marshall
stated in McCulloch v. Maryland, (1819):
"The [federal] government is
acknowledged by all to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only
the powers granted to it . . . is now universally admitted. But
the question respecting the extent of the powers actually granted, is
perpetually arising, and will probably continue to arise, as long as
our system shall exist."
- Chief Justice Rehnquist - United States v. Lopez (1995)
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- The Federal government has enumerated (listed;
numbered) powers.
- The Federal government's powers are FEW and DEFINED.
- The Federal government can only exercise the powers
GRANTED.
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